Everything about Battle Of Appomattox totally explained
The
Battle of Appomattox Courthouse (
April 9,
1865) was the final engagement of
Confederate General Robert E. Lee's
Army of Northern Virginia before it
surrendered to the
Union Army under
Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant near the end of the
American Civil War.
Background
On
April 1,
1865,
Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan's
cavalry turned Lee's flank at the
Battle of Five Forks. The next day Grant's army achieved a decisive breakthrough, effectively ending the
Siege of Petersburg. Lee abandoned
Petersburg and
Richmond and headed west to
Appomattox Station, where a supply train awaited him. From there he hoped to move south to join with Gen.
Joseph E. Johnston's army in
North Carolina. On
April 8,
1865, Union cavalry under
Brig. Gen. George Armstrong Custer captured and burned three supply trains waiting for Lee's army at the
Battle of Appomattox Station. Now both the
Army of the Potomac and the
Army of the James were converging on Appomattox.
The road to Appomattox
With his supplies at Appomattox destroyed, Lee now looked to the railway at
Lynchburg, where more supplies awaited him. While the
Union Army was closing in on Lee, all that lay between Lee and Lynchburg was Union cavalry. Lee hoped to break through the cavalry before infantry arrived. He sent a note to Grant saying that he didn't wish to surrender his army just yet but was willing to discuss how Grant's terms would affect the Confederacy. Grant, with a throbbing headache, stated that "it looks as if Lee still means to fight." The Union infantry was close, but the only unit near enough to support Sheridan's cavalry was the
XXIV Corps of the
Army of the James. This corps traveled 30 miles (50 km) in 21 hours to reach the cavalry. Maj. Gen.
Edward O. C. Ord, commander of the Army of the James, arrived with the XXIV Corps around 4:00 a.m. with the
V Corps close behind. Sheridan deployed three divisions of cavalry along a low ridge to the southwest of Appomattox Court House.
The last battle
At dawn on
April 9, the Confederate
Second Corps under Maj. Gen.
John B. Gordon attacked Sheridan's cavalry and quickly forced back the first line. The Confederate cavalry under Maj. Gen.
Fitzhugh Lee moved around the Union flank. The next line, held by Brig. Gens.
Ranald S. Mackenzie and
George Crook, fell back. Gordon's troops charged through the Union lines and took the ridge, but as they reached the crest they saw the entire Union XXIV Corps in line of battle with the Union V Corps to their right. Fitz Lee's cavalry saw these Union forces and immediately withdrew and rode off towards Lynchburg. Ord's troops began advancing against Gordon's corps while the Union
II Corps began moving against Lt. Gen.
James Longstreet's corps to the northeast. Colonel Charles Venable of Lee's staff rode in at this time and asked for an assessment, and Gordon gave him a reply he knew Lee didn't want to hear: "Tell General Lee I've fought my corps to a frazzle, and I fear I can do nothing unless I'm heavily supported by Longstreet's corps." Upon hearing it Lee finally stated the inevitable: "Then there's nothing left for me to do but to go and see General Grant, and I'd rather die a thousand deaths."
Many of Lee's officers, including Longstreet, agreed that surrendering the army was the only option left. The only notable officer opposed to surrender was Longstreet's chief of
artillery, Brig. Gen.
Edward Porter Alexander, who predicted that if Lee surrendered then "every other [Confederate] army will follow suit". At 8:00 a.m., Lee rode out to meet Grant, accompanied by three of his aides. With gunshots still being heard on Gordon's front and Union
skirmishers still advancing on Longstreet's front, Lee received a message from Grant. After several hours of correspondence between Grant and Lee, a cease-fire was enacted and Grant received Lee's request to discuss surrender terms. Lee's aide, Col. Charles Marshall, was sent to find a location for Grant and Lee to meet. Marshall selected the home of
Wilmer McLean, coincidentally the same man who was forced to lend his home to Gen.
P.G.T. Beauregard at the
First Battle of Bull Run, the first major battle of the war.
The surrender
Dressed in an immaculate uniform, Lee waited for Grant to arrive. Grant, whose headache had ended when he received Lee's note, arrived in a mud-spattered uniform—a government-issue flannel shirt with trousers tucked into muddy boots, no sidearms, and with only his tarnished shoulder straps showing his rank. Suddenly overcome with sadness, Grant found it hard to get to the point of the meeting and instead the two generals briefly discussed a previous encounter during the
Mexican-American War. Lee brought the attention back to the issue at hand, and Grant offered the same generous terms he'd before:
The formal surrender of arms
On
April 10, Lee gave his
farewell address to his army. The same day a six-man commission gathered to discuss a formal ceremony of surrender, even though no Confederate officer wished to go through with such an event. Brig. Gen.
Joshua L. Chamberlain was the Union officer selected to lead the ceremony, and later he'd reflect on what he witnessed on
April 12,
1865, and write a moving tribute:
The momentous meaning of this occasion impressed me deeply. I resolved to mark it by some token of recognition, which could be no other than a salute of arms. Well aware of the responsibility assumed, and of the criticisms that would follow, as the sequel proved, nothing of that kind could move me in the least. The act could be defended, if needful, by the suggestion that such a salute wasn't to the cause for which the flag of the Confederacy stood, but to its going down before the flag of the Union. My main reason, however, was one for which I sought no authority nor asked forgiveness. Before us in proud humiliation stood the embodiment of manhood: men whom neither toils and sufferings, nor the fact of death, nor disaster, nor hopelessness could bend from their resolve; standing before us now, thin, worn, and famished, but erect, and with eyes looking level into ours, waking memories that bound us together as no other bond;—was not such manhood to be welcomed back into a Union so tested and assured? Instructions had been given; and when the head of each division column comes opposite our group, our bugle sounds the signal and instantly our whole line from right to left, regiment by regiment in succession, gives the soldier's salutation, from the "order arms" to the old "carry"—the marching salute. Gordon at the head of the column, riding with heavy spirit and downcast face, catches the sound of shifting arms, looks up, and, taking the meaning, wheels superbly, making with himself and his horse one uplifted figure, with profound salutation as he drops the point of his sword to the boot toe; then facing to his own command, gives word for his successive brigades to pass us with the same position of the manual,—honor answering honor. On our part not a sound of trumpet more, nor roll of drum; not a cheer, nor word nor whisper of vain-glorying, nor motion of man standing again at the order, but an awed stillness rather, and breath-holding, as if it were the passing of the dead! |
That day, 27,805 Confederate soldiers passed by and stacked their arms.
Aftermath
Roughly 175,000 Confederates remained in the field across the country. Just as Porter Alexander had predicted, it was only a matter of time before the other Confederate armies began to surrender. As news spread of Lee's surrender, other Confederate commanders realized that the Confederacy was all but dead, and decided to lay down their own arms. Joseph E. Johnston's army in North Carolina, with which Lee had hoped to combine forces, surrendered to Maj. Gen.
William T. Sherman on
April 26. Gen.
Edmund Kirby Smith surrendered the Confederate
Trans-Mississippi Department in May and Brig. Gen.
Stand Watie surrendered the last sizable organized Confederate force on
June 23,
1865.
There were several more small battles after the surrender, with the
Battle of Palmito Ranch commonly known as the final military action of the Confederacy.
Lee never forgot Grant's magnanimity during the surrender, and for the rest of his life wouldn't tolerate an unkind word said about Grant in his presence. Likewise, General Gordon cherished Chamberlain's simple act of saluting his surrendered army, calling Chamberlain an example of the "purest of knights".
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